Mortality impacts of rainfall and sea
Jha, A. K., Bloch, R. & Lamond, J. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century (World Bank Publications, 2012).
He, C. et al. Rainfall events and daily mortality across 645 global locations: two stage time series analysis. BMJ 387, e080944 (2024).
Rentschler, J. et al. Global evidence of rapid urban growth in flood zones since 1985. Nature 622, 87–92 (2023).
Google Scholar
Chinita, M. J., Richardson, M., Teixeira, J. & Miranda, P. M. Global mean frequency increases of daily and sub-daily heavy precipitation in ERA5. Environ. Res. Lett. 16, 074035 (2021).
Google Scholar
Ham, Y.-G. et al. Anthropogenic fingerprints in daily precipitation revealed by deep learning. Nature 622, 301–307 (2023).
Google Scholar
Zope, P. E., Eldho, T. I. & Jothiprakash, V. Impacts of urbanization on flooding of a coastal urban catchment: a case study of Mumbai City, India. Natural Hazards 75, 887–908 (2015).
Google Scholar
Zellou, B. & Rahali, H. Assessment of the joint impact of extreme rainfall and storm surge on the risk of flooding in a coastal area. J. Hydrol. 569, 647–665 (2019).
Google Scholar
Dong, L. et al. The influence of astronomical tide phases on urban flooding during rainstorms: application to Macau. J. Hydrol. Regional Studies 56, 101998 (2024).
Google Scholar
Zhuang, Y., Xu, K., Bin, L., Wang, C. & Shen, R. Assessment of the jacking effect of high tide on compound flooding in a coastal city under sea level rise based on water tracer modeling. J. Hydrol. 627, 130474 (2023).
Google Scholar
Qiang, Y. et al. Urban flood analysis for Pearl River Delta cities using an equivalent drainage method upon combined rainfall-high tide-storm surge events. J. Hydrol. 597, 126293 (2021).
Google Scholar
Pariartha, I. P. G. S. et al. Compounding effects of urbanization, climate change and sea-level rise on monetary projections of flood damage. J. Hydrol. 620, 129535 (2023).
Google Scholar
State-Wise Data on Damage Caused Due to Floods During 1953–2011 (Central Water Commission, 2012).
EM-DAT: The CRED International Disaster Database (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, 2023).
Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. & Jafino, B. A. Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries. Nat. Commun. 13, 3527 (2022).
Google Scholar
Tellman, B. et al. Satellite imaging reveals increased proportion of population exposed to floods. Nature 596, 80–86 (2021).
Google Scholar
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2024 Technical Report (UN DESA, 2024).
Levy, M. C. et al. Spatiotemporal error in rainfall data: consequences for epidemiologic analysis of waterborne diseases. Am. J. Epidemiol. 188, 950–959 (2019).
Google Scholar
Patankar, A. M. The Exposure, Vulnerability, and Ability to Respond of Poor Households to Recurrent Floods in Mumbai Policy (World Bank Group, 2015).
Anttila-Hughes, J. & Hsiang, S. Destruction, disinvestment, and death: economic and human losses following environmental disaster. SSRN https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2220501 (2013).
Kocornik-Mina, A., McDermott, T. K. J., Michaels, G. & Rauch, F. Flooded cities. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 12, 35–66 (2020).
Google Scholar
Gandhi, S., Kahn, M. E., Kochhar, R., Lall, S. & Tandel, V. Adapting to Flood Risk: Evidence from a Panel of Global Cities (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2022).
Young, R. & Hsiang, S. Mortality caused by tropical cyclones in the United States. Nature 635, 121–128 (2024).
Google Scholar
Elliott, R. J., Strobl, E. & Sun, P. The local impact of typhoons on economic activity in China: a view from outer space. J. Urban Econ. 88, 50–66 (2015).
Google Scholar
Kotz, M., Levermann, A. & Wenz, L. The effect of rainfall changes on economic production. Nature 601, 223–227 (2022).
Google Scholar
Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR, 2013).
Hallegatte, S., Green, C., Nicholls, R. J. & Corfee-Morlot, J. Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Nat. Clim. Change 3, 802–806 (2013).
Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, C. et al. The Future we Don’t Want: How Climate Change Could Impact the World’s Greatest Cities (C40 Cities Secretariat, 2018).
Wang, B. et al. Monsoons climate change assessment. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 102, E1–E19 (2021).
Google Scholar
Salunke, P., Keshri, N. P., Mishra, S. K. & Dash, S. K. Future projections of seasonal temperature and precipitation for India. Front. Clim. 5, 1069994 (2023).
Rentschler, J., Braese, J., Jones, N. & Avner, P. Three Feet Under: The Impact of Floods on Urban Jobs, Connectivity, and Infrastructure (World Bank, 2019).
Singh, J. et al. Spatio-temporal analysis of sub-hourly rainfall over Mumbai, India: is statistical forecasting futile? J. Earth Syst. Sci. 126, 38 (2017).
Google Scholar
Carleton, T. et al. Valuing the global mortality consequences of climate change accounting for adaptation costs and benefits. Q. J. Econ. 137, 2037–2105 (2022).
Google Scholar
Aguilar-Gomez, S., Zivin, J. S. G. & Neidell, M. J. Killer Congestion: Temperature, Healthcare Utilization and Patient Outcomes (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2025).
Kosek, M., Bern, C. & Guerrant, R. L. The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000. Bull. World Health Org. 81, 197–204 (2003).
Google Scholar
Escobar Carias, M. S., Johnston, D. W., Knott, R. & Sweeney, R. Flood disasters and health among the urban poor. Health Econ. 31, 2072–2089 (2022).
Google Scholar
Climate and Air Pollution Risks and Vulnerability Assessment for Mumbai, India (WRI, 2022).
Tripathy, S. S. et al. Analysis of Mumbai floods in recent years with crowdsourced data. Urban Clim. 53, 101815 (2024).
Google Scholar
Fruttero, A. et al. Gendered Impacts of Climate Change: Evidence from Weather Shocks (The World Bank, 2023).
Cause of Death in Mumbai: 2012 to 2020 (Praja Foundation, 2020).
Shanmugam, K. R. Discount rate for health benefits and the value of life in India. Econ. Res. Intl 2011, 191425 (2011).
Google Scholar
State of the Climate in Asia 2022 Technical Report (World Meteorological Organization, 2022).
Garner, G. et al. IPCC AR6 WGI Sea Level Projections (IPCC, 2022).
Daigle, K. & Singh, M. As waters rise, coastal megacities like Mumbai face catastrophe. Science News (15 August 2018).
Chandrashekhar, V. As the monsoon and climate shift, India faces worsening floods. Yale Environ. 360, e360 (2019).
Chandrashekhar, V. Climate change is stretching Mumbai to its limit. The Atlantic (7 February 2022).
Lamond, J., Bhattacharya, N. & Bloch, R. The role of solid waste management as a response to urban flood risk in developing countries, a case study analysis. WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 159, 193–204 (2012).
Google Scholar
Silveira, A. Problems of modern urban drainage in developing countries. Water Sci. Technol. 45, 31–40 (2002).
Google Scholar
Parkinson, J. & Mark, O. Urban Stormwater Management in Developing Countries (IWA, 2005).
Alsan, M. & Goldin, C. Watersheds in child mortality: the role of effective water and sewerage infrastructure, 1880–1920. J. Pol. Econ. 127, 586–638 (2019).
Google Scholar
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision (UN DESA, 2018).
Regional Fact Sheet—Asia. IPCC https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/factsheets/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Regional_Fact_Sheet_Asia.pdf (2022).
Katzenberger, A., Schewe, J., Pongratz, J. & Levermann, A. Robust increase of Indian monsoon rainfall and its variability under future warming in CMIP6 models. Earth Syst. Dynam. 12, 367–386 (2021).
Liang, S. Y. & Messenger, N. Infectious diseases after hydrologic disasters. Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 36, 835–851 (2018).
Google Scholar
Pickering, M. et al. The impact of future sea-level rise on the global tides. Cont. Shelf Res. 142, 50–68 (2017).
Google Scholar
Nkwunonwo, U. C., Whitworth, M. & Baily, B. A review of the current status of flood modelling for urban flood risk management in the developing countries. Sci. African 7, e00269 (2020).
Schumann, G., Giustarini, L., Tarpanelli, A., Jarihani, B. & Martinis, S. Flood modeling and prediction using earth observation data. Surveys Geophys. 44, 1553–1578 (2023).
Google Scholar
Rennert, K. et al. Comprehensive evidence implies a higher social cost of CO2. Nature 610, 687–692 (2022).
Google Scholar
Mumbai Monthly Rainfall Data 1901–2021. OpenCity https://data.opencity.in/dataset/mumbai-rainfall-data/resource/mumbai-monthly-rainfall-data-1901-2021 (2023).
Meyers, J. E. INDIA_PINCODES. Github https://github.com/justinelliotmeyers/india_pincodes (2025).
Death Registration Report (MCGM, 2025); https://portal.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qldldregreport?guest_user=english.
Vital Statistics Report (MCGM, 2025); https://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlvitalstatsreport?guest_user=english.
Datameet. Municipal_Spatial_Data. GitHub https://github.com/datameet/Municipal_Spatial_Data (2025).
Auffhammer, M., Hsiang, S. M., Schlenker, W. & Sobel, A. Using weather data and climate model output in economic analyses of climate change. Rev. Environ. Econ. Policy 7, 181–198 (2013).
Google Scholar
Hollister, J. W. et al. Elevatr: Access Elevation Data from Various Apis (R Project Archive, 2023).
Tripathy, S. S., Vittal, H., Karmakar, S. & Ghosh, S. Flood risk forecasting at weather to medium range incorporating weather model, topography, socio-economic information and land use exposure. Adv. Water Resour. 146, 103785 (2020).
Google Scholar
Study of Land Reclamation and its Influence on Mumbai’s Coastline and Implications for Proposed Projects (National Institute of Oceanography, 2016).
Tandel, V., Gandhi, S., Patranabis, S., Bettencourt, L. M. A. & Malani, A. Infrastructure, enforcement, and COVID-19 in Mumbai slums: a first look. J. Regional Sci. 62, 645–669 (2022).
Google Scholar
Schiavina, M. et al. GHSL Data Package 2023 (European Comission, 2023).
Muñoz-Sabater, J. et al. ERA5-Land: a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 13, 4349–4383 (2021).
Google Scholar
Frank, E. & Sudarshan, A. The social costs of keystone species collapse: evidence from the decline of vultures in India. Am. Econ. Rev. 114, 3007–3040 (2024).
Google Scholar
Rode, A. et al. Estimating a social cost of carbon for global energy consumption. Nature 598, 308–314 (2021).
Google Scholar
Chen, J. & Roth, J. Logs with zeros? Some problems and solutions. Q. J. Econ. 139, 891–936 (2024).
Google Scholar
Hsiang, S. Climate econometrics. Ann. Rev. Res. Econ. 8, 43–75 (2016).
Google Scholar
Deschênes, O. & Moretti, E. Extreme weather events, mortality, and migration. Rev. Econ. Stats 91, 659–681 (2009).
Google Scholar
Deschênes, O. & Greenstone, M. Climate change, mortality, and adaptation: evidence from annual fluctuations in weather in the US. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 3, 152–185 (2011).
Google Scholar
Sengupta, S. & Saritha, R. Series of bombs explode on 7 trains in India, killing scores. New York Times (12 July 2006).
D’Souza, S. M. Mumbai terror attacks fast facts. CNN (11 September 2022).
Bengali, S. 18 Stories high and still burning, fire at landfill exposes India’s growing trash crisis. Los Angeles Times (23 March 2016).
Rajeevan, M., Gadgil, S. & Bhate, J. Active and break spells of the Indian summer monsoon. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 119, 229–247 (2010).
Google Scholar
World Development Indicators (World Bank, 2024).
Massicotte, P. & South, A. Rnaturalearth: World Map Data from Natural Earth (R Archive Network, 2025).
Occurrences of Diseases in Mumbai: Dispensary-Wise and Hospital-Wise 2008 to 2018 (Praja Foundation, 2018).
نشر لأول مرة على: www.nature.com
تاريخ النشر: 2025-11-12 02:00:00
الكاتب: Tom Bearpark
تنويه من موقع “yalebnan.org”:
تم جلب هذا المحتوى بشكل آلي من المصدر:
www.nature.com
بتاريخ: 2025-11-12 02:00:00.
الآراء والمعلومات الواردة في هذا المقال لا تعبر بالضرورة عن رأي موقع “yalebnan.org”، والمسؤولية الكاملة تقع على عاتق المصدر الأصلي.
ملاحظة: قد يتم استخدام الترجمة الآلية في بعض الأحيان لتوفير هذا المحتوى.
